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The fire resistance of composite materials, or their assemblies, is that property which prevents or retards the passage of excessive heat, hot gases or flames under the standard conditions of test. Materials or their assemblies are assigned a fire resistance rating, which is the time in hours, or fractions thereof, that they will resist fire exposure as determined by the standard fire test. For materials normally used in buildings, fire resistance ranges from 30 minutes to 4 hours, and a 1-hour rating indicates that the assembly or member can withstand the standard test for at least 1 hour without failure.
The requirements for composites in the transportation and building industries are increasing more and more. To provide the best protection for the assets in case of a fire, composite materials must be flame-retardant and have smoke-reducing characteristics.
Hazard Level Classification (HL1, HL2, HL3) defines increasing pass/fail requirement stringency, and material compliant to HL3 fulfils HL1 and HL2 requirements, with HL classification dependent on operation and design category. The material requirement set (R1, R2, R3, etc.) defines the specific tests and pass/fail criteria of the associated products for each hazard level classification.
VBR is the leading supplier who is able to offer a system of resins, gelcoats and coatings ensuring excellent fire–smoke resistance. For critical sectors like building, rail and mass transit, VBR offers fire-retardant resin systems that help meet stringent flame, smoke and toxicity requirements while remaining process-friendly for both open and closed mould technologies.
Other fillers that serve a special purpose are flame-retardant additives, since many applications in the building industry require fire retardancy. Polyester resins can be made fire retardant by adding antimony trioxide or halogen-containing compounds, and another very effective fire retardant is alumina trihydrate (2Al(OH)3), which splits off water when heated above 200°C in a strongly endothermic process that cools the fire, with water vapour acting as extinguishing agent and the formed aluminium oxide creating a protective skin on the burning surface.
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